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The translation of Han dynasty government titles into English varies within the academic community. This page is a reference to compare renderings of Chinese official titles by different sinologists. == History == The first specialist reference about the English renderings of Chinese official titles was written in 1878 by a British legate to the Chinese government in Beijing, William Frederick Mayers. The most common terms used today in translation of official titles date back to Homer H. Dubs's translation of the ''Book of Han'' and ''Book of the Later Han'' from 1938 to 1955. Dubs's translation lacked a published glossary of titles, but a list of titles used by Dubs was compiled by Rafe de Crespigny and published in 1967. In the interim, Wang Yuquan (王毓銓) published ''An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty'' in 1949. The next major systematising work on Han dynasty government was ''The Bureaucracy of Han Times'' written by Hans Bielenstein in 1980, drawing upon Dubs's and de Crespigny's work as its major source of translation for titles.〔"In the translation of Chinese titles, I have followed the method of H.H. Dubs. R. de Crespigny has published a booklet which facilitates that process.... I have tried to standardize the translations as much as possible, and to render the multitude of additional titles in a compatible fashion." Bielenstein, vii.〕 In 1985, Charles Hucker completed his ''Dictionary of Official Titles of Imperial China'', a collection of nearly 8,300 titles and government offices and associated translations for every dynasty from the Zhou to the Qing, the most complete specialist literature of its type. During the 1980s and 1990s another list of proposed translation for Han dynasty titles was circulating in the University of Washington, where Jack Dull headed the Han Dynasty Project. Long after Dull's death, this list was made available as part of his collection of unpublished papers, available online from University of Oregon. Dull's list of ''Official Titles of the Han Dynasty'' also mainly follows Dubs. Two comperehensive biographical dictionaries have also added to these reference aids: Michael Loewe's 2000 ''Biographical Dictionary of Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods'', and Rafe de Crespigny's 2007 ''Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms'', both published by Brill and intended to complement each other. De Crespigny's translation of titles mainly follow Dubs with some alterations, whereas Loewe's tend to be his own original renderings. In 2007 Rafe de Crespigny published online a collection of his papers, among them ''An Outline of the Military Organisation of the Later Han Empire'' and ''An Outline of the Civil Administration of the Later Han Empire''. Each of these includes an appendix listing a number of titles along with the translation de Crespigny has adopted, which he calls "slightly modified, varying from the system established by H.H. Dubs...".〔De Crespigny, ''Military Organisation'', 1; ''Civil Administration'', 1.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Translation of Han dynasty titles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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